I still think you’re confused....
The precedent for this discussion is that helmet laws appeared to have not to have had any impact on the road toll. The response was a clamoring of "helmets save lives. /thread". Helmets are not designed to be capable of protecting someone from the kind of injuries that cause fatalities in vehicle collisions and it is unsurprising that the evidence suggests that they do not. Therefore the presumption that a) they save lives and b) they offer a safety margin in a serious vehicle - bike collision is false.
They prevent injury. The vast majority of bicycle accidents, as flamin'trek suggests involve injuries. Depending on which study you believe, wearing a bike helmets reduces the likelihood of you presenting to casualty with a minor to moderate head injury by 20-50%. If you're under 12 and as such have an incompletely ossified skull, it's a completely different ball game and a bike helmet might indeed save your life.
Given we let your hypothetical 17 year old drive a car - and less than a year later, drink, vote and enroll for active military service it's a fairly disproportionate action to advocate helmet laws to protect them from themselves? I'd go so far as to say the type of teenager who isn't going to wear one is unlikely to pay attention to those regulations in any case.
I encounter people using insufficient safety devices all the time as a diver. People will use a small 2-3 litre pony bottle as a "redundant" air source, which according tot he "regulations" lets them dive deeper than a single bottle. Due to increasing gas consumption proportionate to pressure, a 2 litre pony bottle that gets you to the surface fine from 15m generally lasts you less than a minute at 40m. Given the maximal safe ascent rate is 9m/minute a pony bottle just either lets you drown closer to the boat, or perform an uncontrolled ascent from a depth that would see the gas in your body rapidly expand to over 3 times its current volume - quite frankly I'd probably prefer drowning. As such I often argue that a redundant gas source insufficient to get you to the surface from your planned depth is more dangerous than not having one at all - in the added confidence it gives you to do things you might otherwise decide it was too dangerous to do without it.
I think that there is a similar risk in assuming a helmet is a lifesaving device as opposed to something that might prevent an injury - not necessarily due to a cyclists behavior but due to the behavior of other road users, the people who design roads and make road rules. Therefore I think it's important to make the distinction that the styrofoam buckets we wear on our heads aren't there for protection from the things we share the roads with and therefore don't make up for any increased chance of being hit by a motorised vehicle.
In addition - the mode of injury in a punch to the head is irrelevent in terms of bicycle helmets, in that it is generally caused by a quick axial rotation of the head causing the brain to impact the inner surfaces of the skull. I.e someone uppercuts or hooks you in the jaw/cheek, spins your head and rattles your brian. The reason boxing helmets are soft is so that they can shear and thus reduce axial rotation - something a bike helmet doesn't do. It also doesn't take into account the potentially catastrophic role of alcohol in excaerbating brain injuries/cranial bleeding that's usually of large significance in pub fight deaths.